of a function that has been described verbally
Geometry
Understand congruence and similarity using
physical models, transparencies, or geometry
software
•
Verify experimentally the properties of rotations,
reflections, and translations
•
Understand that lines are taken to lines, and line
segments to line segments of the same length
•
Angles are taken to angles of the same measure
•
Understand that parallel lines are taken to
parallel lines
•
Understand that a two-dimensional figure
is congruent to another if the second can
be obtained from the first by a sequence of
rotations, reflections, and translations; given
two congruent figures, describe a sequence that
exhibits the congruence between them
•
Describe the effect of dilations, translations,
rotations, and reflections on two-dimensional
figures using coordinates
•
Understand that a two-dimensional figure is
similar to another if the second can be obtained
from the first by a sequence of rotations,
reflections, translations, and dilations; given
two similar two-dimensional figures, describe a
sequence that exhibits the similarity between
them
•
Use informal arguments to establish facts about
the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles,
about the angles created when parallel lines
are cut by a transversal, and the angle-angle
criterion for similarity of triangles
Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem
•
Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem
and its converse
•
Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine
unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-
world and mathematical problems in two and
three dimensions
•
Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
distance between two points in a coordinate
system
Solve real-world and mathematical problems
involving volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres
•
Know the formulas for the volumes of cones,
cylinders, and spheres and use them to solve
real-world and mathematical problems
Statistics and Probability
Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data
•
Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate
measurement data to investigate patterns of
association between two quantities describe
patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive
or negative association, linear association, and
nonlinear association
•
Know that straight lines are widely used to
model relationships between two quantitative
variables. For scatter plots that suggest a linear
association, informally fit a straight line, and
informally assess the model fit by judging the
closeness of the data points to the line
•
Use the equation of a linear model to
solve problems in the context of bivariate
measurement data, interpreting the slope
and intercept
•
Understand that patterns of association can be
seen in bivariate categorical data by displaying
frequencies and relative frequencies in two-
way table; construct/interpret two-way table
summarizing data on two categorical variables
collected from same subjects; use relative
frequencies calculated for rows/columns, describe
possible association between two variables
SCIENCE
Properties of Atoms and Matter
•
Define the basic concepts about the states and
properties of matter
•
Differentiate between elements, compounds,
and mixtures
•
Know that there are more than 100 known
elements that combine in numerous ways to
produce compounds
•
Describe the elements that can be combined to
make compounds
•
Describe the common elements found in living
Eighth Grade
135
or nonliving substances
•
Know that many elements can be grouped
according to similar properties
•
Know what happens to the total weight of
substances in a closed system when they
are combined
•
Differentiate between weight and mass
•
Describe the International System of Units
•
Recognize, write, and calculate using the
formula for volume and density
•
Differentiate between the states of matter
•
Describe the relationship between volume,
temperature, and pressure of a gas
•
Compare and contrast the various laws
of gases
•
Trace the history of the atomic molecule
•
Analyze and describe the arrangement of
the periodic table, including the importance
of families
•
Identify and define the key components of the
periodic table
•
Identify the properties of metals
•
Understand the significance of synthetic
elements
•
Identify the properties of nonmetals
•
Describe the effects of radioactivity
•
Analyze the results of radioactive decay
•
Identify the parts of an atom
•
Describe the relationship between valence
electrons and bonding
•
Define the characteristics of the different types
of bonding
•
Understand how ionic bonds are formed
and represented
•
Compare the properties of metals and alloys
Chemical Reactions
•
Differentiate between physical change and
chemical change
•
Provide examples of evidence of chemical
change
•
Identify and define the components of a
chemical equation
•
Describe the three categories of chemical
reactions
•
Observe and describe what happens to the
total weight of two substances before and after
they have undergone a chemical reaction
•
Define open and closed systems
•
Understand the purpose of activation energy
•
Understand the relationship between the
temperature and acidity of a solution and its
reaction rates
•
Observe and describe what happens to the
rate of a chemical reaction of a substance at
various temperatures
•
Recognize that solutions can be acidic, basic,
or neutral depending on the concentration of
hydrogen ions in the solution
•
Observe and describe the different reaction
rate of substances at various pH levels
•
Explain the basis for the logarithmic pH scale
•
Describe the oxidation process
•
Know that substances react chemically with
other substances to form new substances
(compounds)
•
Know what happens to the property of two or
more substances when combined chemically
•
Observe and describe what happens to the
pH of an acid and base when they are combined
•
Know what happens to the total mass of two or
more substances when combined chemically
•
Explain what happens to the mass of two
substances before and after they undergo a
chemical reaction
•
Understand that energy cannot be created
or destroyed but only changed from one form
to another
•
Identify the properties of carbon
•
Evaluate the use of synthetic polymers
Motion and Energy
•
Understand and explain Newton’s three laws
of motion
•
Compare and contrast Newton’s laws
of motion
•
Identify and describe various types of force
•
Know that an object’s motion can be described
and represented graphically according to its
position, direction of motion, and speed
•
Explain how motion of an object is described
•
Observe, describe, and predict how different
136
